Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
TYTUŁ: Osady w tłokowych silnikach spalinowych / Deposits in internal combustion engines
Autorzy: Zbigniew Stępień, Wojciech Krasodomski, Michał Wojtasik. Praca pod redakcją Zbigniewa Stępnia
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ISSN 2353-2718 ISBN 978-83-65649-37-9 DOI: 10.18668/PN2020.229 |
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Abstract The undesirable deposits forming on the surfaces of various internal parts of reciprocating internal combustion engines and the systems operating in conjunction with them worsen during the operation of the engines and threaten their proper functioning. The deposits form as a normal result of the processes of fuel injection and creating and combusting the fuel–air mixture in engines. It was not investigated until the beginning of the 21st century, when extensive multi-directional research began not only to identify the causes of these deposits, the mechanisms behind their formation, and the factors leading to deposit growth, but also to determine the chemical composition of various groups of deposits. Such research became necessary because engines must comply with gradually tightening regulations on environmental protection, necessitating the introduction of increasingly complex engine designs and strategies for controlling the processes of precise and divided fuel injection into the combustion chambers and advanced algorithms for controlling the combustion processes according to the combustion system and the purpose of the engine. However, it became apparent that the co-functioning of the increasingly complex engine technologies and solutions, particularly of fuel injection systems, may be significantly disturbed by the deposits forming inside them. More and more complicated engine designs with tighter and tighter tolerances of the working parts necessitate the multi-directional testing of harmful deposits. An increasing number of factors affecting deposit formation are being identified, which leads to the development of increasingly complex classifications and subdivisions of deposits according to their type, composition, and form. At the same time, the search for lower emissions and greater engine efficiency is driving further mechanical changes in engines and vehicles. The higher temperatures and pressures connected with these changes are likely to impact the fuel being handled within the fuel and combustion systems. Such effects will inevitably cause the deposit chemistry and morphology to change. |
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
TYTUŁ: Kinetyka reakcji cieczy kwasujących ze skałą dolomitową / Reaction kinetics of acidizing liquids with dolomite rock
Autor: Marek Czupski
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ISSN 2353-2718 ISBN 978-83-65649-36-2 DOI: 10.18668/PN2020.228 |
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Abstract One of the main factors affecting the effectiveness of matrix acidizing treatment and acid fracturing is the reaction rate of acidizing fluid with carbonate rock. Often, treatments performed using acidizing liquids based on HCl solutions fail due to their very fast reaction with carbonates at high reservoir temperatures. The acidizing liquid does not penetrate deeply into the formation so as to create wormholes, but only dissolves its face, which results in poor treatment effectiveness. |
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
TYTUŁ: Zabiegi hydraulicznego szczelinowania złóż niekonwencjonalnych i metody ich analizy / Hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs, and methods of their analysis
Autorzy: Piotr Kasza
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ISSN 2353-2718 ISBN 978-83-65649-33-1 DOI: 10.18668/PN2019.226 |
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Abstract This work presents fundamental information on hydraulic fracturing treatments as well as the history of its development. The key role of fracturing in unconventional reservoirs completion was underlined, and the modern techniques of analysing treatments, on the example of fracturing in shale formation were presented. The first chapter contains the characteristics of fracturing operations. The basic information on unconventional accumulation of hydrocarbons and methods of their completion was given. The most effective methods of stimulating these deposits and key elements ensuring the effectiveness of these activities were indicated. Significant differences between these formations and the resulting differences in the technology of their fracturing were also indicated. The second chapter includes the description of fracturing fluids and proppants, their characteristics, tasks and requirements. Specification of typical chemical additives for fluids, and the purpose for which they were used, as well as the proppants used for fracturing, method of their examination and selection for fracturing in various reservoir conditions were discussed. The third chapter is the most extensive part of the work. It is dedicated to the analysis of the performed tests and fracturing treatments in the shale gas wells. These analyses were made on the basis of real, field data from fracturing. The first part presents the method of preparing data for the technical design of the project procedure. Based on this design it is possible to plan the stimulation treatments in a certain well. The second part of the chapter, presents the results of minifrac tests, used to diagnose the well and formation just before fracturing. The purpose of these operations is to confirm or modify the design assumptions and to prepare the final fracturing design. The method of analysing the minifrac tests, and the most important information obtained from them, are shown. The last part presents the results of fracturing of individual sections of the horizontal example well in two variants. The first treatments designed for execution and the second treatments that were actually performed. The fourth chapter summarizes the collected information and presents the conclusions resulting from the performed analyses. Based on these analyses differences between parameters of the geomechanical model and the data obtained from minifrac were identified. In some of the analyzed cases, the tests confirmed low efficiency of reservoir completion by perforation. Also confirmed were the differences between assumed and actual reservoir parameters which may lead to difficulties during fracturing. The analysis performed, proved that the minifrac tests before the main treatment are useful in the proper planning of the main fracturing operation. It was found that they can be used in the design and evaluation of the effectiveness of fracturing operations in unconventional reservoirs. |
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
TYTUŁ: Opracowanie optymalnych koncepcji zagospodarowania złóż niekonwencjonalnych / Optimum concepts of unconventional reservoir development
Autorzy: Praca zbiorowa (w dwóch tomach) pod redakcją Jana Lubasia
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ISBN: 978-83-65649-30-0 ISSN: 2353-2718 DOI: 10.18668/PN2018.223 |
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Należy nadmienić, że odbywało się to w określonej atmosferze oczekiwań, budowanych na podstawie szacunków, szczególnie Amerykańskiej Służby Geologicznej. |
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Abstract Reservoir development is a technological and investment process carried out when geological resources which guarantee economically viable recovery are already known. This is possible when we have at our disposal an appropriately selected technology for the given geological and reservoir conditions which ensures obtaining such quantities of hydrocarbons produced by a single well that guarantees profitability of the development project. In the Blue Gas 1 program, therefore, the availability of significant hydrocarbon resources in deposits located in unconventional formations, for which there is a need to develop appropriate and optimal concepts for their development, was assumed to be a priori. It should be mentioned that this took place in a specific atmosphere of optimistic expectations arising from the available estimates, especially by the United States Geological Survey. This monograph includes the results of specialist PVT studies based on which the types and phase properties of reservoir fluids originating from Polish Ordovician-Sylurian shale formations were determined. Procedures were also developed to determine the optimum density of the well grid in the process of drilling the reservoirs. On the basis of innovative technologies of gas processing, various scenarios of reservoir development with the use of modular equipment were designed. The research and calculation works carried out allowed to prepare a concept of local utilization of natural gas from shale formation. The impact of gas composition variability on the operation of equipment currently used with the possibility of adaptation to a new fuel, was also examined. In the project under preparation, modern materials resistant to corrosion and erosion factors as well as corrosion inhibitors were also selected. A prototype corrosion monitoring station was designed and built, as well as an innovative method of adjusting well heads to the exploitation of reservoirs in shale formations. Taking care of environmental aspects, solutions were also proposed to create innovative technologies for the management of reservoir waters. |
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Koszt przesyłki: 5 zł brutto za sztukę – list polecony Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
TYTUŁ: Stosowanie paliw etanolowych do silników o zapłonie iskrowym / The use of ethanol fuels to spark ignition engines
Autorzy: Zbigniew Stępień, Magdalena Żółty
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ISBN: 978-83-65649-31-7 ISSN: 2353-2718 DOI: 10.18668/PN2019.224 |
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Abstract In the European Union, the second largest sector of the economy, responsible for 20% of emissions of harmful substances, including greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, is road transport. It remains one of the few sectors whose emissions are constantly growing, thus negating the progress made by other sectors of the economy. Introduced in 2009 the European directives: Renewable Energy Directive and Fuel Quality Directive, allow the increase of ethanol content in traditional gasoline to 10% (V/V), and also support the construction of Flex Fuel Vehicles adapted to fuel supply containing up to 85% (V/V) of ethanol. The fuels for piston combustion engines are characterized by functional properties that meet the high requirements of modern internal combustion engines, implementing complicated combustion processes and equipped with, among others, multi-point, very technically advanced fuel injection systems, innovative supercharging systems and catalytic multifunctional exhaust gas cleaning systems. The chemical composition of fuels is constantly evolving, mainly due to the action of environmentalists in the scope of limiting emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of fuels into the atmosphere and continuous development of engines. These activities force car designers to change the design of power systems, combustion chambers, exhaust gas treatment systems, and fuel manufacturers to adapt their chemical composition to minimize the emission of harmful substances generated during the combustion of such fuels. Therefore, the use of biofuel and biocomponents as an admixture to conventional fuels becomes increasingly important. The theoretical part of this publication describes the advantages and disadvantages of using ethanol as a component of gasoline and ethanol fuels. Based on the knowledge of available industry literature, the results of studies of ethanol impact on the emission of harmful components into the atmosphere are presented. The focus was also on the challenges faced by the engineers of internal combustion engines to adapt them to operating with fuels containing an increased share of ethanol in the fuel. The experimental part presents the results of research carried out as part of research projects and statutory work at the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute. These results concern: • determination of the impact of ethanol fuels on spark ignition engine performance and their operational parameters; • assessment of regulated and unregulated emissions of harmful components of exhaust gases from spark ignition engines; • studies on the influence of ethanol fuels on the formation of harmful deposits on test engines; • multidirectional studies on the impact of ethanol fuels on the degradation processes of engine lubricating oil. |
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Koszt przesyłki: 5 zł brutto za sztukę – list polecony Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |